The Ways Football Has Affected Society Essay Example for Free

The Ways Football Has Affected Society Essay You should answer ALL parts of ALL questions in this booklet. If you need more space for any answer, use the page(s) provided at the back of this booklet and clearly number the question. Check that this booklet has pages 2–11 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank. YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO YOUR TEACHER AT THE END OF THE ALLOTTED TIME. You are advised to spend 60 minutes answering the questions in this booklet. In the box below, name the large natural environment you have studied. Large natural environment: Question One: patterns A large natural environment is a distinctive part of the earth’s surface and is defined by its common characteristics or elements. Each of these characteristics creates patterns on the earth’s surface. Natural characteristics (elements) of an environment include: climate landforms soils vegetation. Circle the TWO natural characteristics from the list above whose patterns you wish to explain in this question. (a) In the box below, draw an annotated sketch map or diagram of your chosen large natural environment to show the patterns created by TWO natural characteristics of your chosen environment. Title: Key: (b) Fully explain the pattern created by EACH natural characteristic from (a) on your large natural environment. Support your answer with detailed evidence. Characteristic 1: Characteristic 2: Question Two: INTERACTIONs The natural environment is constantly evolving as the elements (characteristics) and processes interact with each other. The level of interaction varies in size (scale) over time and from place to place. Natural characteristics (elements) of an environment include: climate landforms soils vegetation. Circle the TWO natural characteristics from the list above whose patterns you wish to explain in this question. Discuss how the interaction between TWO characteristics varies from place to place in your large natural environment. In your answer, you should: explain how the characteristics interact fully explain how the interaction varies in different parts of the large natural environment use specific detailed evidence to support your answer. You may draw diagrams / maps in the box on page 7 to support your answer. Question Three: PerCEPTIONS Different groups of people and individuals perceive the natural environment in different ways. This perception can change over time. People’s perceptions are shaped by their background, their experiences, and their involvement with the particular natural environment. Name TWO different groups OR individuals linked to the large natural environment you have studied. Group / individual 1: Group / individual 2: (a) Complete the table below to show the perception each group / individual held about this large natural environment at TWO different points in time. In your answer, clearly state each point in time you are referring to, and include supporting evidence from your large natural environment. Group / individual Perception Perception 1 Point in time: Point in time: 2 Point in time: Point in time: (b) Fully explain why each group / individual’s perception has changed over time. Use detailed evidence to support your answer. (i) Group / individual 1: (ii) Group / individual 2: Extra paper for continuing your answers, if required. Clearly number the question. Question number Extra paper for continuing your answers, if required. Clearly number the question. Question number

Concepts Of Lifetime Fitness :: essays research papers

Concepts of Lifetime Fitness Homeostasis is the state of equilibrium in which the internal environment of the human body remains relatively constant.   Two excellent examples of homeostasis are how the body maintains a constant temperature and blood pressure during strenuous physical activity or exercise.   Although there are many other activities in the body that display homeostasis, I will only discuss these two.    Temperature in the human body is usually kept at approximately 37 degrees Celsius.   To maintain such a strict temperature, the body has a few functions to combat the outside elements.   People cannot make themselves cold as readily as make themselves hot, however I will mention both homeostasis functions.   When the external temperature decreases, a portion of the brain called the hypothalamus detects the drop by means of the blood.   To compensate, the brain sends chemical and electrical impulses to the muscles.   These impulses tell the muscles to begin to contract and relax at very high intervals.   This is commonly known as shivering.   The production of Adenosine Triphosphate or ATP in the mitochondria of the muscles produces heat.   If the body temperature does not rise immediately after this, then a second function begins. The brain will signal the blood vessels near the skin to constrict or narrow in diameter.   This occurs so the heat deep in the muscles is conserved.   Since the vessels are now smaller in diameter, less blood is needed to fill them.   Since less blood is needed through the vessels, the heart begins to slow.   If the body remains in this slowed state, hypothermia could result.   Hypothermia is the condition in which metabolic processes are inhibited.   The medical world has taken advantage of this by inducing hypothermia in patients that are undergoing organ transplants. To fight temperatures higher than normal, as in exercise or on hot days, the body reacts in the opposite way than with cold.   Again, the hypothalamus detects the change of temperature in the blood.   The brain signals blood vessels not to constrict, but to dilate.   This increases the diameter of the vessels, and results in the need for more blood. Since more blood is needed to fill the vessels, the heart pumps faster and that causes respiration to increase.   The increased respiration will make the body exhale some of the internal heat, like placing a fan in a window to cool a room.   The blood vessels are dilated so the heat deep in the muscles is easily released.   Another commonly known mechanism to fight heat is sweating.   Sweat glands found throughout the body are stimulated by the hypothalamus to excrete sweat and when the sweat evaporates,

Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards

The federal government has changed the ground work and the organization of scholastic lessons in the educational systems in 2001 with the â€Å"No Child Left behind Act†. The law say that each state is to embrace English Language Learners in the state assessment and evaluate the student’s language skill â€Å"with valid, reliable assessments in the areas of oral language and reading and writing skills, more specifically comprehension, speaking, listing, reading, and writing†(Cook, 2007). The requirements of these assessment also include assisting in the students’ accomplishment of the state’s academic achievement standards.Since the federal standards has been made to the educational system there needs to be a new method created and evaluated in the way that states and schools can continue adjusting and properly evaluating English Language Learners. The population of English Language Learners has made a tremendous growth in American, over the past fe w years the English Language Learners has grown more the twenty percent and is predictable to increase more with time. With the population growing in our educational system modifications had to be made.The laws specifies that all children who are disabled, don’t speak English, or disadvantaged still have an equal right to an education. For the reason of English Language Learner comprehensive span the United States wanted something that could adjust and help as a wide range obligation and or standard required to applied in the educational system, so with the No Child Left behind act allowed it to be done. Since the states have to follow and stand by assessment guidelines as well as academic standards with the No Child Left Behind act people ask exactly how the non- English students would fit into this law.Assessment must also be given with unlimited probability that a student will pass in the regular education curriculums, even though they definitely let each state establish t heir own specific procedures that met with these probability. The complicating part is it has to link using both state and government academic standards. The Arizona or TESOL English language learners’ standards obligatory are to work independently as a state but then again they are also obligatory to follow and manage the governments’ requirements. This can be completed by correctly combining the English language learners’ into groups.This act should only be used when placing the students into groups, by doing this allows for identify that level of each child, such as their comprehension level as well as how much they know about speaking, listing, reading, and written in English the language. There are many different levels that are personalized or tiered into separate classifications for the age varieties. Each group has requirements in addition to the complete outline and details to dimensions from, as well as the requirements that the government has and it d oes not matter which state you are in they are all the same.These standards are identified as English language Proficiency Standards (ELP). The English language Proficiency Standards come in many different segments beginning with the age, then finishing with separable accomplishment and understanding. To begin with the most important factor would be the stage of development of a child, the students need to be properly divided by their developing skill and accurateness in reasoning purposes. There are four different categories in the age group, first there is kindergarten to second, next third to fifth, following sixth to eight, last is ninth to twelfth.Once the correct stage of development has been recognized and properly entangled with other students, then it is on to evaluating the level of English the student knows and comprehends. Each level is important however the first level is entering level developing to the bridging level, this level means that a student is ready to join a regular classroom because they have a complete understanding and can intellectual ability to the English Language for all students this is the main goal to reach.However if a student is not at this level with the help of educators to support and assistance of the assessments every student will be at bridging level as fast as they can. Using the ELP standards in addition to mixing them into a teachers daily routine is a requirement in the classrooms today. Teachers should always reminder that every student is different and learn in different ways, so teachers need to teach in different ways in order for the students to learn successfully principally while learning literacy skills in reading.When using data it can be a very useful tool when helping students, it can be responsible for a helping teacher to get a better understanding of what a student knows, what they need to work on, as well as what need to be worked on so they are able to reach their academic goals. This is a great to ol for teacher because it allow them to make knowledgeable choices that can help the student’s goals in their educational career.â€Å"Although high stakes testing carries much of the weight for teachers there are possibilities to meet federal and state  regulations by cautiously and consciously planning lesson that provide students with multiple opportunities to be successful and apply language in content context† (GCU, 2012). For teachers to be able to do this they need to be better prepared at educating as well as supporting their states standards with ELP standards. Each lesson should be made that every student is given a chance to be successful. Being a teacher it is important to provide many opportunities for their students to be successful in their educational future. Alignment of Academic Standards with ELL Proficiency Standards The federal government has changed the ground work and the organization of scholastic lessons in the educational systems in 2001 with the â€Å"No Child Left behind Act†. The law say that each state is to embrace English Language Learners in the state assessment and evaluate the student’s language skill â€Å"with valid, reliable assessments in the areas of oral language and reading and writing skills, more specifically comprehension, speaking, listing, reading, and writing†(Cook, 2007). The requirements of these assessment also include assisting in the students’ accomplishment of the state’s academic achievement standards.Since the federal standards has been made to the educational system there needs to be a new method created and evaluated in the way that states and schools can continue adjusting and properly evaluating English Language Learners. The population of English Language Learners has made a tremendous growth in American, over the past fe w years the English Language Learners has grown more the twenty percent and is predictable to increase more with time. With the population growing in our educational system modifications had to be made.The laws specifies that all children who are disabled, don’t speak English, or disadvantaged still have an equal right to an education. For the reason of English Language Learner comprehensive span the United States wanted something that could adjust and help as a wide range obligation and or standard required to applied in the educational system, so with the No Child Left behind act allowed it to be done. Since the states have to follow and stand by assessment guidelines as well as academic standards with the No Child Left Behind act people ask exactly how the non- English students would fit into this law.Assessment must also be given with unlimited probability that a student will pass in the regular education curriculums, even though they definitely let each state establish t heir own specific procedures that met with these probability. The complicating part is it has to link using both state and government academic standards. The Arizona or TESOL English language learners’ standards obligatory are to work independently as a state but then again they are also obligatory to follow and manage the governments’ requirements. This can be completed by correctly combining the English language learners’ into groups.This act should only be used when placing the students into groups, by doing this allows for identify that level of each child, such as their comprehension level as well as how much they know about speaking, listing, reading, and written in English the language. There are many different levels that are personalized or tiered into separate classifications for the age varieties. Each group has requirements in addition to the complete outline and details to dimensions from, as well as the requirements that the government has and it d oes not matter which state you are in they are all the same.These standards are identified as English language Proficiency Standards (ELP). The English language Proficiency Standards come in many different segments beginning with the age, then finishing with separable accomplishment and understanding. To begin with the most important factor would be the stage of development of a child, the students need to be properly divided by their developing skill and accurateness in reasoning purposes. There are four different categories in the age group, first there is kindergarten to second, next third to fifth, following sixth to eight, last is ninth to twelfth.Once the correct stage of development has been recognized and properly entangled with other students, then it is on to evaluating the level of English the student knows and comprehends. Each level is important however the first level is entering level developing to the bridging level, this level means that a student is ready to join a regular classroom because they have a complete understanding and can intellectual ability to the English Language for all students this is the main goal to reach.However if a student is not at this level with the help of educators to support and assistance of the assessments every student will be at bridging level as fast as they can. Using the ELP standards in addition to mixing them into a teachers daily routine is a requirement in the classrooms today. Teachers should always reminder that every student is different and learn in different ways, so teachers need to teach in different ways in order for the students to learn successfully principally while learning literacy skills in reading.When using data it can be a very useful tool when helping students, it can be responsible for a helping teacher to get a better understanding of what a student knows, what they need to work on, as well as what need to be worked on so they are able to reach their academic goals. This is a great to ol for teacher because it allow them to make knowledgeable choices that can help the student’s goals in their educational career.â€Å"Although high stakes testing carries much of the weight for teachers there are possibilities to meet federal and state  regulations by cautiously and consciously planning lesson that provide students with multiple opportunities to be successful and apply language in content context† (GCU, 2012). For teachers to be able to do this they need to be better prepared at educating as well as supporting their states standards with ELP standards. Each lesson should be made that every student is given a chance to be successful. Being a teacher it is important to provide many opportunities for their students to be successful in their educational future.

Maintenance And Security Department Is Responsible For The...

I carried out my internship in the commercial department, which is responsible for the supervision of post offices in the commercial side. As well as to guarantee coordination with other regional and central services to make sure that post offices have the means to achieve their previously set goals. In addition, it is responsible for calculating the revenue of the international money orders, modify the address of payment and send the school funds to the students abroad. The maintenance and security department is responsible for the cleanliness of the place, taking care of the outside look of the company and in charge of delivering and distributing the mail. In addition, it is responsible for supplying the department with the office and electrical materials and make sure that the whole place is secure. The main mission of the public department is to provide logistical support to post offices and to ensure that they do not lack material resources or human resources. The accounting department is responsible for recording the transactions on the basis of invoice, bills and vouchers, then including them in files to pay the creditors and employees. The inspection department related to personnel management, management of regional stock and material resources. 3. Tasks Performed During the internship, I was in charge of three tasks, which can be classified into financial, commercial and communicative activities. 3.1. Financial Tasks 3.1.1.Show MoreRelatedRooms Division1756 Words   |  8 PagesRooms Division Department I- HOTEL ORGANIZATION: ( In order to carry out its mission, global and departmental goals and objectives, every company shall build a formal structure depicting different hierarchy of management, supervision, and employee (staff) levels. This very structure is refereed to as organization chart. Moreover, the organization chart shows reporting relationships span of management, and staff/line functions. ( There are two types of relationships that might exist between anyRead MoreHotel Front Desk13861 Words   |  56 PagesC H A P T E R 2 Hotel Organization and the Front Office Manager O P E N I N G D I L E M M A CHAPTER FOCUS POINTS ââ€"   Organization of lodging At a recent staff meeting, the general manager of The Times Hotel asked if anyone wanted to address the group. The director of housekeeping indicated he was at a loss in trying to work with the front desk clerks. He had repeatedly called the desk clerks last Tuesday to let them know that general housecleaning would be performedRead MoreNtc Historical Background2237 Words   |  9 PagesRadio Control Office The first radio regulatory office was known as the Radio Construction and Maintenance Section under the Telegraph Division of the Bureau of Posts. This section was charged with the enforcement of radio laws and regulations, particularly the provisions of Act No. 3396, known as the Ship Radio Station Law which was enacted on December 5, 1927. This law provides for the installations of radio obligatory for ships of Philippine register to protect life and propertyRead MoreThe City Of Macon County1929 Words   |  8 Pagescounty and a chairman elected countywide. A chief administrative officer is appointed by the commission runs the daily affairs of the government. Bibb County has a sheriff responsible for maintaining the prison system and managing law enforcement duties, with his deputies acting as the city of Macon has its own police department. As of 2013, Bibb County has a population estimate of 154,721 persons with a negative variation of 0.5% from the year 2010. Majority of the population is between the agesRead MoreOverall Performance of the Kds Garments8187 Words   |  33 Pagescertain limitations. Time constraint is one of the major limitations. We have been allowed only one day for the industrial tour, which is not enough to study and industry in depth. Another one is that we have not been granted any finance from the department of Marketing. Conducting an industrial tour and preparing report require finance, which is not affordable for many students. In addition to the above, our sample enterprise is a private limited company, which does not make its annual reportRead MoreAn Organisation Study in Apollo Tyres Company10707 Words   |  43 PagesA Registration no: Under the guidance of SREEJA MISS Department Of Commerce Management Studies ANSAR WOMEN’S COLLEGE PERUMPILAVU CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the mini project entitled â€Å"Organizational Study† is a bonafide record of the work done by SAJA.K.A, Registration no:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Bachelor of Business Administration of CALICUT UNIVERSITY Head of Department Read MoreCredit Risk Management of Basic Bank23409 Words   |  94 Pagesdo my internship at Bangladesh Small Industries and Commerce Bank Limited popularly known as BASIC Bank Limited for the period of three months starting from December 20, 2006 to March 20, 2007 as an intern by the Internship Placement Committee of Department of Accounting Information Systems, University of Dhaka. Here at BASIC Bank, I was assigned to work at Loans and advances Division of BASIC Bank, Moulvibazar Branch, Dhaka, Mr.Khan Iqbal Hasan, Assistant General Manager and In-charge, was my supervisorRead MoreAccounting Procedures Manual for Football Association of Malawi16672 Words   |  67 PagesStaff as a reference guide; and ââ€"† ensure that there is continuity of approaches even if staff change. Users of the Manual The primary users of the Manual are Accounting personnel. The Manual will also be used by personnel from other departments within the Association. The Director of Finance has the overall responsibility of ensuring that the accounting systems, procedures and controls set out in this Manual are applied consistently, efficiently and effectively. Structure ofRead MorePtv Internshipreport9500 Words   |  38 PagesINTERNSHIP REPORT ON PAKISTAN TELEVISION CORPORATION ISLAMABAD PAKISTAN TELEVION CORPORATION SUBMITTED BY: BILAL AWAN PROGRAMME: MBA (Final) SUPERVISED BY: DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NUML BLESSED TO BE THE NAME OF LORD FULL OF MAJESTY, BOUNTY AND HONOUR AL-QURAN (SURRAH AL-REHMAN, 78) DEDICATION Allah almighty is praiseworthy giving me strength courage to complete this project. I pay my gratitude toRead MoreInternship Report on City Bank Limited18288 Words   |  74 Pagespersonal observations from each department. I have described each department I have worked in by following way: (1) Understanding: In this part I have tried to make acquaintance with the departments I have worked of this branch. (2) Things are done here In this part I have tried to see the things what are being done in each department of the branch. (3) Personal observations: In this part I have tried to present my personal observations from each department of this branch. I had an opportunity

Guide to Starting a French Club Tips, Activities, and More

You cant become fluent in French if you dont practice what youve learned, and French clubs are an ideal place to practice. If theres no Alliance Franà §aise or another French club near you, maybe you need to take things into your own hands and create your own. This isnt as daunting as it sounds—all you need to do is find a meeting place and some members, decide on meeting frequency, and plan a few interesting activities.​​ Before you set up your French club, there are two things you need to find: Members and a meeting place. Neither of these is super difficult, but both require some effort and planning. Find Members The best way to find member is to advertise. Get news about your club out there by posting in the school newsletter, on bulletin boards at your school or in your community, or in local paper. You can also inquire at local French restaurants if they will let you post something. Another tactic is to recruit from French classes. Ask teachers at your school and others in the area, including schools geared towards adults, if they will help tell students about your club. Decide on a Meeting Place Where you have your meetings will depend a little on who your members are. If your club is made up only of students at your school, you can request permission to meet in the school cafeteria, an unused classroom, or the library or community center. If you have members from the community at large, you might suggest meeting at a local cafà ©, restaurant, or bar (depending on ages) or at members homes (take turns). In fine weather, a local park is also a good option. Plan Meeting Schedule At your first meeting, agree on a day and time for future meetings and discuss the types of meetings youll be having. Lunchtime Table franà §aise:  Students and people from the community can just drop in when they have the time. Hopefully, French teachers will offer extra credit to their students who attend.  Weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly meetingsOutings to plays, opera, movies, museums Tips There needs to be at least one person in semi-charge who speaks fairly fluently. This person can help everyone feel comfortable no matter what their level, help others with their French, encourage conversation when it lags, and remind everyone to speak French. Asking questions is a good way to get everyone talking.Have a set meeting time and date (every Thursday at noon, the first Sunday of the month) to help keep the routine.Meet for at least an hour, preferably two, to make sure its worth people making the effort to show up.Collect members names and contact info so that you can remind them about meetings. An email mailing list is an excellent way to do this.Stress the fact that all levels are welcome and that its in everyones best interest to talk.Just for fun, you could decide on a club name and get T-shirts made.Be strict about French only. Meeting Agendas OK, so youve figured out your meeting time, place, and venue and youve got a bunch of interested members. Now what? Just sitting around and talking in French is a good start, but there are lots of things you can do to spice up the meetings. Eat Brunch, lunch, dinner at a restaurantCheese tasting  Crà ªpe makingDessert tastingFondue  French-style barbecuePicnicPotluckWine tastingLe monde francophone: Week 1: France, week 2: Belgium, week 3: Senegal, etc.   Music and Movies Listen and/or sing (get lyrics from internet)Rent or stream movies to watch at members homeMake a trip to the theater Literature Plays: Take turns readingNovels: Take turns reading, or copy extracts to discuss at the next meetingPoetry: Read or write Presentations   French culture​​  French-speaking countriesRegions of FranceTrip photosPowerPoint Games BoulesCulture and history quizzesTwenty questionsTaboo: put a bunch of random French words in a hat, pick one, and try to describe it while others guess what the word is. Parties Bastille DayChristmasHalloweenMardi GrasPoisson dAvrilNational French WeekGet together with other language clubs There are no hard and fast rules for French club activities, but these are just some ideas to help you get started.

To What Extent Was There a ‘Post War Consensus’ in British...

To what extent was there a ‘post war consensus’ in British politics from 1951 to 1964? (900 Words) Whether or not there truly was a ‘post war consensus’ in British politics from 1951 to 1964 is a highly debatable topic of which historians can often appear to be in two minds about; on one hand, Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson infamously described the period as ‘Thirteen years wasted’, whereas historian Robert Blake (a supporter of the Conservatives’, regards it as a ‘Golden age of growth’. The likes of Kevin Jeffrey’s even argue that consensus had even started before the war. Overall, the central issue was the idea of a mixed economy. If we were to argue that there was indeed a post war consensus in British politics from 1951 to†¦show more content†¦This would mean that wartime coalition ministers from all major parties were far more willing to cooperate with each other. Paul Addison (1975) argued that pre-war and wartime conditions led to a unique situation in post war Britain which led to a coming together of thinking in politics and society. This was strongly influenced by the Beveridge Report’s ‘Five Giants’. As mentioned before, this cooperation was also aided by the fact that fears of an extreme Labour government in 1945 had been disproved, meaning that key policy makers in the Conservative Government could be seen to be ‘One Nation Tories’; keen to build on national cooperation to maintain and essential post war consensus. Another fundamental aspect of post war consensus was the idea of the necessity of a ‘Big Government’; many Conservatives were now co nvinced of the government intervention in social and economic policies, resulting in them being far more in tune with public opinion and so accepted Labours welfare policies such as Keynesian economics. With regard to Winston Churchill, his government were seen to indeed follow Keynesian economics, butShow MoreRelated‘The main reason for conservative dominance in the years 1951 to 1964 was labour disunity’ Assess the validity of this view.2212 Words   |  9 Pages ‘The main reason for conservative dominance in the years 1951 to 1964 was labour disunity’ Assess the validity of this view. (June 2011) Labour disunity was a huge contributing factor as to why the conservatives were able to dominate from 1951 to 1964. However, there are also other factors that assisted conservative dominance. Whether that be conservative strengths, good timing, the end of austerity or their handle on public opinion, all factors contributed to the dominant years. However, how longRead MoreA Critical Analysis of Change Resistance Within the Nhs5138 Words   |  21 Pages‘Reaganism’ seeking to reform the post-War consensus. The dramatic changes in America and the United Kingdom were not restricted to those economies however. The European Union (Salmon et al, 1997) progressively looked to integrate politically and economically placing more emphasis on ‘free trade’ and market based solutions. The power of the Soviet Union was beginning to diminish, with the collapse of the Berlin Wall and in China (Ruan et al, 1995) Deng Xiaoping was moving the communist party of ChinaRead More One Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHistory and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. 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Some 2 billion people† already lack water supplies.Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesPerspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subjectRead MoreStrategy Safari by Mintzberg71628 Words   |  287 Pagesthat it worked well. Why don t you do a book on it? he suggested. Why don t we do it together? Henry replied. They both thought that Joe would make an excellent member of the team. So the safari was launched. We did not, however, write this as a textbook or some sort of academic treatise. 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Public Policy Role of Committees in Parliament

Question: Discuss about thePublic Policyfor Role of Committees in Parliament. Answer: Introduction The aim of this essay is to determine the role of committees in the Parliamentary system. A Parliamentary committee can be described as a group of members or Senators that are appointed to undertake particular tasks. The committees are appointed by either one or both houses of the Parliament (Aph.gov.au 2017). The Parliament plays the role of forming the basis of responsible government. It also includes the sub functions of providing finances or legislating. There is accountability where the people are accountable through the legislature. The facilitating members of the Parliament discuss the issues of national concern (Hickman 2015). This essay also analyses the level of contribution of committee in policy making. There are several types of committees- standing committee, estimate committees and select committees. The standing committee continuously focuses on assessing bills and specific issues such as education, employment and others (Aph.gov.au 2017). Further, the select committees are established to investigate policy issues related to agriculture, manufacturing or any other relevant businesses. The estimate committees meet up thrice a year and scrutinize allocation of budget funds. In the recent times, committees have gained importance in the Parliament as it is complex to make laws (Reynolds and Williams 2016). The committees are meant to perform functions that are not performed by the houses themselves such as discussing detailed matters, conducting inquiries, sifting evidence, hearing witnesses and concluding after evaluation. Such tasks are more effectively conducted by a small group of Senators or/and members. The parliamentary committees look into specific government administration or policy matters. Other committees look after the internal administration of the Parliament. It is not possible to look after all the things in the Parliament. The committees play a crucial role in investigating the case, sifting evidence and drawing logical conclusions. Such work is more suitable for a small group of members rather than the entire House. These are the general functions performed by the parliamentary committees (Rogers and Walters 2015). Further, the committees are frequently adopted to provide summary of works and accountability of government agencies within specific portfolios. The accountability functions of the committees include jobs such as compelling the attendance of people, conducting inquiries, presenting documents, preparing reports and providing recommendations to parliament. Further, the committees are also an important part of legislative process where public can give their input. The committees play a role of enabling direct contact between the common people and representative groups of Parliament for smooth flow of information. The committees facilitate the level of collegiality between political parties and members who otherwise do not have the opportunity to work with one another (Giddings 2014). The committee contributes to the policy process. There are different phases in the policy cycle- strategic investigation, appraisal of legislation, scrutiny and review. In the first phase, strategic investigation, the policy options and ideas are presented. The parliamentary committees can contribute independently for several policy options. In the second phase, appraisal of legislation that is another prospective phase of policy development, the scope of policy preferences is addressed (Aph.gov.au 2017). In the third phase scrutiny, the phase of policy development is backward looking. The established programs and policies are evaluated so that necessary changes in the department can be made. This stage is more prospective as it is done with an anticipation of future changes. The last stage is review in which only the broad and retrospective issues are covered. The policy gaps and expansive inquiries related to policy are reviewed. The sub-national or organizational issues are also c onsidered that involve neither security nor legislative appraisal (Huber and Shackleton 2013). The committees are considered as a substantial element in the organizational structure in the Australian Parliament. The members spend much time in the committee meetings and establishing the public expectations regarding the changes in policy process. The committees affect policies significantly. This can be justified by examining the two ways in which committees affect policies (Directory.gov.au 2017). Firstly, the impact on public policies can be considered by reviewing the reports and recommendations. The acceptance and implementation of recommendations by government is a measure, but it is difficult to do so in a limited scenario. The interpretation of statistical data becomes difficult at the bureaucratic level. It is important to differentiate broader processes based on the type of impact on government as well as public policy debate (Webster et al. 2012). The Australian parliament committees engage in the policy process with bureaucracy, government and policy communities. The policy decision making stage is undertaken by the cabinet where an executive-centric process is applied. The committees play a significant role and the legislative stage where scrutiny of administration, policymaking and appraisal of legislation is made. In the first stage, agenda setting, the role played by the committees is investigative where there are committee reviews and inquiries that influence policy agenda (Aph.gov.au 2017). The committee plays a role beyond agenda setting by pursuing a consensus builder, honest broker, technical expert and educator as required. Further, in the second stage of policy development, the contribution is made on behalf of the executive for exposure of draft bills. However, no formalised role is played. For example, when a new policy proposal needs to be promoted, the committee arranges a reference with the minister for invest igation (Birkland 2016). In the next stage, during decision making, no direct role is played by the committee. However, in the fourth stage of implementation of decisions, the Senators of members examine the bills. In the fifth stage where policy implementation is evaluated, a significant role is played by conducting investigation and scrutiny. The committee contributes to reviewing performance of public agencies and administering policy (Aph.gov.au 2017). In the last stage consultation, the committee plays a role of public communication where it majorly contributes. The link between committee communication and policy making is well established. The committee leaders are highly conscious of communication as there are close connections between consultation and legislation (Thissen and Walker 2013). Despite significant role played by the committee in the Parliament, there are certain limitations on the powers. The committee needs to have an agreed budget for operations and they need to maintain it. A committee may negotiate to receive the information in private or it is open in principle for the committee to challenge the Ministers claim in the House by raising the matter as a possible contempt of the House. Further, the witness my declare information to be in confidence where the above conditions shall reapply. Also, there are limitations on federal legislative power relating to limited capacity and binding laws (Peo.gov.au 2017). However, the High Court in Australia has not identified the control in exercising implied limitations. Also, there is limited power of inquiry as the authority delegates to them for proceedings in the House for which they are appointed. Such legal limitations of the inquiry power enforces by compelling law officers to attend the committee (Aph.gov.au 2017). Conclusively, the Parliament plays the role of forming the basis of responsible government. The committees are meant to perform functions that are not performed by the houses themselves such as discussing detailed matters, conducting inquiries, sifting evidence, hearing witnesses and concluding after evaluation. The committees affect policies significantly. The committees play a significant role and the legislative stage where scrutiny of administration, policymaking and appraisal of legislation is made. References Aph.gov.au, 2017.Chapter 18 Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/practice/chapter18 [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Committees Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees#fndtn-tabSenate_Committees [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Infosheet 4 - Committees Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_4_-_Committees [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Parliamentary Privileges Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0001/01RP01 [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Role of the Committee Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Rural_and_Regional_Affairs_and_Transport/Role_of_the_Committee [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Birkland, T., 2016.An introduction to the policy process. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Directory.gov.au, 2017.Parliamentary Committees | Australian Government Directory. [online] Directory.gov.au. Available at: https://www.directory.gov.au/directory?ea0_lf99_120.organizationalUnit86da2719-ee93-4621-b71a-926e66ac32ad [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Giddings, P., 2014.Parliamentary accountability. 1st ed. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan. Hickman, A., 2015. The Issuing Summonses by Parliamentary Committees-Procedural Issues and Risks: A Case Study from Western Australia.UW Austl. L. Rev.,39, p.319. Huber, K. and Shackleton, M., 2013. Codecision: a practitioner's view from inside the Parliament.Journal of European Public Policy, 20(7), pp.1040-1055. Peo.gov.au, 2017.Parliamentary Committees | Learning | Parliamentary Education Office (committe,parliament,member,issu,parliamentari). [online] Peo.gov.au. Available at: https://www.peo.gov.au/learning/fact-sheets/parliamentary-committees.html [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Reynolds, D. and Williams, G., 2016. Petitioning the Australian parliament: Reviving a dying democratic tradition. Australasian Parliamentary Review, 31(1), p.60. Rogers, R. and Walters, R., 2015.How Parliament works. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Thissen, W. and Walker, W., 2013.Public policy analysis. 1st ed. Boston, MA: Springer US. Webster, J., Dunford, E., Kennington, S., Neal, B. and Chapman, S., 2012. Drop the Salt! Assessing the impact of a public health advocacy strategy on Australian government policy on salt.Public Health Nutrition, 17(01), pp.212-218.